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Animal Sounds

Microphone Input Noise Comparison


The various manufacturers of portable audio recorders often use different and confusing specifications for their products that might prevent an reliable and objective evaluation of their capabilities for recording soft animal sounds in the field. This page provides more homogeneous specifications across the different recorder models. Details on the relevant properties of a recorder in conjunction with a specific microphone are available on the page Understanding microphone and recorder/preamplifier noise specifications. Other details on the properties of the recorders are available in the tutorial on Sound Recording in the Field.


Noise levels at the maximum available gain settings (except where indicated otherwise)


Equivalent Input Noise (EIN)
impedance: 150 ohms		 Input Clipping Level (2)
corresponding to 0 dBFS		 Dynamic Range at max gain (3)
A-weighted unweighted
20Hz - 20kHz		 dBu mVrms A-weighted
SoundDevices 722 -130dBu
(-130dBu)		 -128dBu
(-128dBu)		 -46dBu 3.8mV 84dB
Fostex FR-2LE -129dBu -125dBu -45dBu 4.3mV 84dB
(85dB)
Tascam HD-P2 -127dBu -125dBu -40dBu 7.7mV 87dB
Tascam DR-680
(MIC GAIN : HIGH)		 -127dBu -125dBu -58dBu 0.95mV 69dB
SONY PCM-D50 -126dBu -124dBu -58dBu 0.95mV 68dB
Marantz PMD661 -125dBu -124dBu -52dBu 1.9mV
(1.2mV)		 73dB
(65dB)
Marantz PMD671 -125dBu -123dBu -50dBu 2.4mV
(1.2mV)		 75dB
(65dB)
Olympus LS-100 (XLR) -125dBu -122dBu -48dBu 3.1mV 77dB
SONY Hi-MD MZ-RH1 (4) -124dBu -122dBu -64dBu 0.49mV 61dB
Roland R-26
(XLR ANALOG IN)		 -124dBu -122dBu -70dBu 0.25mV 54dB
SONY PCM-M10
(SENSE HI, LEVEL 10)		 -122dBu -120dBu -57dBu 1.0mV 65dB
Olympus LS-5, LS-10, LS-11
(SENSE HIGH, LEVEL 10)		 -122dBu -120dBu -54dBu 1.6mV 68dB
Roland R-05 (5)
(MicHI)		 -121dBu -119dBu -47dBu 3.5mV 74dB
Roland R-05 (5)
(MicHI+28dB)		 -122dBu -120dBu -57dBu 1.1mV 65dB
Olympus LS-12/14 -120dBu -118dBu -56dBu 1.3mV 64dB
Marantz PMD670 -120dBu -118dBu -52dBu 1.9mV
(1.2mV)		 68dB
(65dB)
Marantz PMD660 -120dBu -118dBu -52dBu 1.9mV
(1.2mV)		 68dB
(60dB)
* SONY PCM-M10
(SENSE HI, LEVEL 4.5)		 -120dBu -118dBu -36dBu 12mV 84dB
* not max gain!
* SONY PCM-M10
(SENSE LOW, LEVEL 10)		 -119dBu -117dBu -36dBu 12mV 83dB
* not max gain!
* Olympus LS-10, LS-11
(SENSE LOW, LEVEL 10, 24 bit)		 -121dBu -118dBu -30dBu 25mV 92dB
* not max gain!
TASCAM DR-100MKII -119dBu -117dBu -51dBu 2.1mV 68dB
Olympus LS-3/LS-7 -118dBu -115dBu -65dBu 0.45mV 53dB
Edirol R-09HR
(MIC Gain H)		 -118dBu -115dBu -43dBu 5.0mV 75dB
Roland R-26
(3.5mm PLUG-IN MIC)		 -117dBu -115dBu -45dBu 4.3mV 72dB
KORG MR-1000 -117dBu -115dBu -46dBu 3.8mV 71dB
SONY DAT TCD-D3 -117dBu -115dBu -56dBu 1.3mV 61dB
M-Audio MicroTrack 24/96 (1/4" input, +27dB) -115dBu -113dBu -48dBu 3.1mV 67dB
Tascam DR-1 (MIC 2 IN) -115dBu -113dBu -28dBu 31mV
 87dB
Olympus LS-100 (External Mic) -114dBu -112dBu -45dBu 4.3mV 69dB
Tascam DR-100
(GAIN : H)		 -113dBu -111dBu -39dBu 8.7mV
 74dB
Tascam DR-07
(GAIN : HIGH)		 -113dBu -111dBu -46dBu 3.9mV
 67dB
* Olympus LS-10, LS-11
(SENSE LOW, LEVEL 10, 16 bit)		 -113dBu -110dBu -30dBu 25mV 81dB
* not max gain!
iRig PRE with
Samsung Galaxy SII		 -113dBu -111dBu -53dBu 1.8mV 60dB
TASCAM HS-P82 -112dBu -109dBu -51dBu 2.1mV 61dB
Marantz PMD620 -112dBu -110dBu -40dBu 7.7mV 72dB
Tascam DR-680
(MIC GAIN : LOW)		 -112dBu -110dBu -34dBu 15mV 78dB
Tascam DR-1 (MIC 1 IN) -111dBu -109dBu -41dBu 6.9mV
 70dB
Tascam DR-05
 -109dBu -107dBu -42dBu 6.0mV
 67dB
M-Audio MicroTrack 24/96 (1/8" input) -109dBu -107dBu -32dBu 19mV 77dB
Tascam DR-07MKII -108dBu -106dBu -42dBu 6.0mV
 66dB
Tascam DR-2d
 -108dBu -106dBu -43dBu 5.0mV 65dB
Tascam DR-40
 -107dBu -104dBu -43dBu 5.0mV 63dB
Zoom H4n (6) -107dBu -104dBu -47dBu
M-Audio MicroTrack II (1/8" input) -106dBu -104dBu -46dBu 3.8mV 60dB
Tascam DR-08
 -106dBu -103dBu -46dBu 3.9mV 60dB
Edirol R-09
(MIC Gain HIGH)		 -105dBu -102dBu -41dBu 6.9mV 63dB
* Olympus LS-10, LS-11
(SENSE HIGH, LEVEL 2)		 -103dBu -100dBu -30dBu 25mV 73dB
* not max gain!
Edirol R-09HR
(MIC Gain L)		 -103dBu -100dBu -22dBu 62mV 81dB
M-Audio MicroTrack II (1/4" input) -101dBu -99dBu -41dBu 6.9mV 60dB
Zoom H2 (7)
 -99dBu -95dBu -43dBu
Measurement conditions: Recording format: 44.1 KHz, 16 bit (unless indicated otherwise), mono (left channel). All parameters were measured at the maximum available gain setting (at which the lowest possible noise floor can be obtained), except where indicated otherwise. PIP, limiter and noise cancelation options were disabled. Note that a bit-depth of 24 bit would not improve the noise level figures at these high gain settings. Increasing the sample rate would also not improve the results because the decimation filters in the delta-sigma A/D converters already average the oversampled signals. When available, the figures in brackets indicate the manufacturer's specifications.
The errors of the measurements should be less than +-2dB
2: The input (clipping) level at the maximum available gain setting represents the maximum input sensitivity (or "gain") of the recorder. 0 dBu is equivalent to 775 mVrms. Note that the dB gain figures that are often specified by the manufacturers do not represent a meaningful characterization of the relevant input sensitivities that would be needed in practice.
3: The dynamic range at the maximum available gain setting alone should not be interpreted as an indicator for the performance of a recorder because these numbers will of course depend on the selected gain setting.
4: The SONY Hi-MD MZ-RH1 Measurements were done by John Beale.
5: The Roland R-05 measurements were done by Per Baekgaard.
6: The Zoom H4n measurements were done by John Lundsten.
7: The Zoom H2 measurements were done by Richard Mudhar.
The calculation and filtering procedures were executed by using the Avisoft-SASLab Pro sound analysis software.




Noise Performance Test Sound Files


In order to evaluate the noise performance of the various recorders in combination with different microphones, the sound of an electronic alarm clock has been recorded subsequently with three different microphones and various recorders. All recorders were set to their maximum gain. The test arrangement was fixed throughout the entire test procedure (the distance between the clock and the microphones was 1 meter). The columns labelled "normalized" contain the normalized sound files. In order to compensate for the different input sensitivities of the various recorders, the normalization was done in such a way that all files exhibit a virtual input clipping level of -60 dBu (the original files were digitally amplified according to the previously measured input clipping levels listed above). Note that this kind of normalization does not compensate for the different microphone sensitivities. So, for evaluating the absolute equivalent noise levels of the various microphones, their sensitivities must be taken into account (50mV/Pa : 40mV/Pa : 25mV/Pa = 0dB : -2dB : -6 dB). The columns "original" contain the original and unmodified 16 bit .wav files. The last two seconds of each file represent the inherent noise floor of the recorder (the microphone input was terminated by a 150 ohms resistor).

Sennheiser K6/ME66
50mV/Pa, 10dBA
noise floor: -108dBu		 Sennheiser MKH60
40mV/Pa, 8dBA
noise floor: -112dBu		 Rode NT1-A *
25mV/Pa, 5dBA
noise floor: -118dBu
normalized original normalized original normalized original
SoundDevices 722 play play play play play play
Tascam HD-P2, 16 bit play play play play play play
Tascam HD-P2, 24 bit play play play play play play
Marantz PMD671 play play play play play play
Marantz PMD670 play play play play play play
Marantz PMD660 play play play play play play
M-Audio MicroTrack 24/96 play play play play play play
Edirol R-09 play play

* The Rode NT1-A studio microphone has been added to this comparison only for reference purposes in order to demonstrate the influence of the microphone specifications on the overall noise performance. Due to its large size, the relatively low directionality, the high sensitivity to moisture, mechanical shock and wind noise, this microphone model is not recommended for mobile sound recording of individual animal vocalizations in the field.

Due to the incompatible phantom power voltage of the M-Audio MicroTrack 24/96 (30 Volt only), the MKH60 microphone provides a very poor noise floor with that recorder.

See also the illustrated noise floor comparison of the various recorders and microphones.

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Avisoft Bioacoustics

last modified on 08 January 2013, Raimund Specht